Taking Note: An Economic Study of Symphony Orchestras

February 3, 2012

By Sunil Iyengar, NEA Director of Research & Analysis

Houston Symphony

Houston Symphony Tunes Up by flickr user BFS Man

It’s been nearly half a century since William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen advanced their theory of “cost disease,” using the performing arts as a case example. The idea remains as potent as ever: industries that do not realize high productivity gains over time will be condemned to suffer wage inflation. In recent years, the theory has been used to explain cost inefficiencies in healthcare, education, journalism, and other service industries.

Stanford labor economist Robert J. Flanagan has revisited the site of Baumol and Bowen’s discovery. His new book, The Perilous Life of Symphony Orchestras: Artistic Triumphs and Economic Challenges (Yale University Press, 2011), mirrors the problems, questions, and even the title of the duo’s 1966 classic, The Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma.

It would not do, of course, merely to bemoan the historic lag between orchestras’ revenues and expenditures. Based on data from 63 symphony orchestras representing over 70 percent of U.S. orchestra revenues and expenditures, Flanagan’s study explores solutions to what he diagnoses as “structural deficits” in orchestra budgets. As he shows through statistical models, the malady cannot be attributed—or attributed solely—to changes in business cycles.

Flanagan’s most disarming conclusion is that there is “no undiscovered ‘silver bullet’” that can combat the economic challenges of U.S. orchestras. Rather, orchestras must invoke three broad strategies, in equal measure, to ensure long-term solvency. Those strategies are: enhancing performance revenues; reducing the growth of expenses; and raising non-performance income.

Well, where’s the news in that? Flanagan deflects such impatience with another question: if his findings are so obvious, “then why do many orchestras address their deficits with a single-minded focus on building audiences or finding a new major donor?” His study is ultimately valuable not so much for its overarching conclusions as for its subtle explication (in a book studded with pie charts, tables, line graphs, and scatter-plots) of the strengths and limitations of each strategy listed above.

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Art Works Podcast: Robert Battle

February 2, 2012

By Josephine Reed

Behind the scenes of Robert Battle’s Takademe. Photo by Paul Kolnik

Meet Robert Battle. He just completed his first season as artistic director of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, and is only the third artistic leader since Alvin Ailey began the company in 1958. The great dancer Judith Jamison picked up the mantle in 1989 and led the company for two decades, eventually choosing Battle as her successor. Battle was a dancer, choreographer, and founder of his own company, Battleworks. He grew up in a scrappy neighborhood in Miami, a bow-legged kid who had to wear braces to straighten out his legs. But he was raised in a house that loved the arts: he took piano lessons, sang at church…and took martial arts to defend himself from other kids. He began taking dance classes in high school, where, as he put it, the musicality, flexibility, and discipline all came together. Battle’s path was set, and seeing the Alvin Ailey company perform proved to be another game-changer. In this excerpt from the podcast, he remembers that experience. [1:54]

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Art Talk with Kara Walker

February 1, 2012

by Paulette Beete

Portrait of African-American visual artist Kara Walker

Kara Walker. Photo © Chuck Close.

“I think there are many open-ended questions that artists can pose and we can ask communities to feel empowered enough to reply, respond, rebel, and feel amazed by the relentless spiraling of thought and image and action that is the artist’s profession.” — Kara Walker

California native Kara Walker grew up in Georgia, where her artist father taught at Georgia State University. As Walker explains in the interview below, she knew from an early age that she wanted to follow in her father’s footsteps. The youngest recipient of a MacArthur “genius” grant to date, Walker has shown her work nationally and internationally, including shows at Tokyo’s Mori Art Museum, New York’s Guggenheim Museum, and the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis. She also represented the U.S. at the 2002 Sao Paulo Biennale. Walker works in a variety of media, though she is best known for her wall-sized installations of provocative paper-cut silhouettes exploring issues of gender, race, and class. We spoke with Walker via e-mail about her version of the artist’s life, a transformative encounter at DC’s National Portrait Gallery, and why art openings should have food.

NEA: What’s your version of the artist’s life?

KARA WALKER: My life is a life that’s both ordinary and extraordinary. As a single (divorced) mother of one there are innumerable domestic duties and chores and pleasures, which I am always trying to balance with the intensely demanding and often egocentric demands of working on my work. For the most part I have a pretty workable studio and travel schedule and routine, thanks in part to the involvement of my Ex in our daughter’s life. But my life as an artist has never been a bohemian one in the sense that I live completely outside the quotidian. In fact my work has always existed in relation to the ordinary. The themes and methods that I use and reference: silhouettes, cartoons, dime novels all speak directly to the the psychology of domestic life. I do go to the studio every day, and I spend time reading or trying to research my interests. Sometimes I bring my projects or sketchbooks home so I can keep the thread alive in between making dinner or in the late night hours. The days that I have to myself I fill with a combination of studio work and spending time with my equally busy friends.

NEA: What do you remember as your earliest engagement or experience with the arts?

WALKER: My earliest memories of my childhood in Stockton, California, revolve around art and artists. My dad is a painter and used to keep his studio in the garage. I recall sitting on his lap when I was around three years old and watching him draw. I can clearly remember thinking to myself that I wanted to do that too, when I got big. My dad always encouraged us (my sister, brother and I—even our mom) to draw or basically find a way to be creative. My favorite memories from my early childhood are of going to art exhibits at the university where he worked or, occasionally, to other art venues around town. Mostly I liked opening receptions, which always had butter crackers and little cheese cubes with toothpicks in them, fantasy punch (which is just ginger ale poured over orange or lime sherbet), and canned black pitted olives that you can fit on all of your fingers. It’s a shame most gallery events I attend in New York have no food at them, but I am sure I would make a spectacle of myself with all those olives. In any case I always made an effort to spend a few seconds looking at the artworks before hitting the hors d’oeuvres.

NEA: What’s been your most significant arts experience to date?

WALKER: Well this is a difficult question to answer because there are so many experiences in my career that are significant, and then there are moments of profundity and surprise that occurred when looking at other work. Once when I was in college at [Atlanta College of Art] some friends and I drove up to Washington, DC to see some shows—saw the Sigmar Polke show at the Hirshhorn [Museum]. I wound up seeing Mike Kelly for the first time there, too. These were among the memorable events for me, but, more significantly, on that trip I found myself in the National Portrait Gallery and realized that I loved genre and history painting. I felt a deep longing for the certainty of traditional painting technique, which sadly I was not learning at school. I almost felt guilty about this desire for old-school painting as if I were turning my back on modernism. In fact, my feelings about early American art opened up my eyes to very idea of the modern. Through this retroactive search I began to piece together the circle of ideas that formed our national attitude and in a broad sweeping sense, created the conditions for my being—an African-American woman studying the art of the past. Read the rest of this entry »

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Art Talk with Kim Roberts

January 31, 2012

by Paulette Beete

Photo of poet Kim Roberts

Kim Roberts. Photo by Dan Vera.

“I think place exerts a powerful influence over what we write, how we write it, and how we see ourselves.” — Kim Roberts

Poet, editor, historian—Washington, DC writer Kim Roberts wears many hats with aplomb. Roberts’ reputation is international: her work has appeared in journals in France, Brazil, and New Zealand, and has been translated into Spanish, Mandarin, and German. But it may be as a historian of DC’s literary culture that Roberts is best known. From the 2010 anthology she edited, Full Moon on K Street: Poems About Washington, DC, to the DC Writers’ Homes web exhibit she curates with fellow writer Dan Vera to the numerous lit-themed walking tours she’s led over the years (including some for the NEA’s Big Read), Roberts is committed to showing off her adopted hometown as a haven for more than politicians. We spoke with her via e-mail about place, poetry, and the panoply of writers who have at one time or another called the nation’s capital home.

NEA: What’s your version of the artist’s life?

KIM ROBERTS: An artist’s life is one where time is regularly set aside for the creation of new work. For me, that means making time to write, to rewrite, and to read.

NEA:  What do you remember as your earliest experience or engagement with the arts?

ROBERTS: From an early age, my parents took me to see live theater, dance, opera, and museums. I think this early exposure is crucial. I especially remember regular trips to the Museum of Modern Art and the American Museum of Natural History, both in New York City, when I was a toddler. How I loved those museums! I still do.

NEA: You are the editor of Beltway Poetry Quarterly. Can you talk about how your work as an editor informs your work as a poet, and vice versa?

ROBERTS: Editing a journal has definitely made me a better writer—it has made me think about issues of craft in new ways, and exposed me to a wider range of influences. I’ve been editing Beltway Poetry Quarterly for twelve years now, and there’s still more I’m learning. But I think what I am most grateful for as an editor is the sense of connection to a larger literary community. Because the journal publishes writers from the greater Washington, DC region, it has become a portrait of this city I love, showcasing how rich and varied the writers are from this area. I alternate between issues that feature several poems by just a few writers and special issues arranged around a theme. Beltway Poetry has helped build my personal connection to this region. I’ve met so many writers I might not otherwise have found.

NEA: Can you tell us about the DC Writers Homes project? What sparked it? Why is it an important project? Is there such a thing as a typical Washington, DC writer?

ROBERTS: DC Writers’ Homes is a web exhibit I created with Dan Vera. We have documented the homes of writers from the greater Washington, DC region; we have 125 homes up right now, and we’re about to add another 25 or so in our first major update. We include novelists, poets, playwrights, and memoirists—the writers must be dead, but their houses must still be standing to be eligible. We started this project several years ago, but just inaugurated the website in November 2011. Read the rest of this entry »

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What is innovation? Find out in the new issue of NEA Arts!

January 31, 2012

NEA Arts cover with cartoon of man with lit lightbulb above his head and title "What is innovation"

Cover design by Josh Neufeld

What’s in the newest issue of NEA Arts?

Interviews with Julie Taymor, Jawole Willa Jo Zollar, Chris Miller of Dreamworks Animation, and many more. And don’t miss an original comics panel by Josh Neufeld! Did we mention there are four interviews that you’ll only find only online?

Visit arts.gov for the full issue!

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Turning the Mic on The Kitchen Sisters

January 27, 2012

By Rebecca Gross

The Kitchen Sisters, Davia Nelson and Nikki Silva. Photo by Laura Folger

Since the late 1970s, Davia Nelson and Nikki Silva—better known as The Kitchen Sisters—have been broadcasting stories from little-known corners of America. The award-winning team of independent radio producers explored the culture of cooking in their series Hidden Kitchens, and used recorded sound to document national life in Lost and Found Sound. Their latest project is The Hidden World of Girls, which received a FY 2011 Arts on Radio and Television grant from the NEA. The series, which broadcasts on NPR’s Morning Edition and All Things Considered, uncovers the rituals, traditions, and personal stories of women and girls from around the world.

The idea for the series was inspired by the obituary of Lula Mae Hardaway, whose hard-knock life, marked by abuse and poverty, took an unexpected turn when her son grew up to become Stevie Wonder. “We just looked at each other and said, ‘If that’s Stevie Wonder’s mother, imagine all these stories of women we don’t know,’” remembered Nelson. “And we started peering into that world.” I recently put the microphone to Nelson and Silva about The Hidden World of Girls, and heard their views on women in the spotlight, the intimacy of radio, and the power of hair.

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Art Works Podcast: Meredith Monk

January 26, 2012

By Josephine Reed

Meredith Monk’s Songs of Ascension being performed in Ann Hamilton’s Tower. Photo by Babeth VanLoo

This week’s podcast is a lively conversation with Meredith Monk, who has been an innovative artistic force for over 45 years. Moving among the disciplines of voice, dance, theater, and film with fluidity and ease, Monk continues to enchant and surprise. “I work in between the cracks, where the voice starts dancing, where the body starts singing, where the theater becomes cinema,” she once said. A pioneer in what is now called “extended vocal technique,” Monk is a prolific composer and performer, and I wondered how she began a new piece of work. Was she excited by the prospect of a new creation or slightly daunted by the proverbial blank page? Or is it a little bit of both? [2:05]

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Postcard from Evanston and Chicago

January 26, 2012

by Rocco Landesman

NEA Chairman Rocco Landesman meets with Evanston arts organizations
Here I am in Evanston meeting with local civic and arts leaders about the city’s Our Town project. Photos by Eric Palmer, City of  Evanston, Illinois.

Last week I was in Chicago for a tour of two great projects: the Our Town grant we made to the City of Evanston, and then an ArtPlace-supported project on Chicago’s South Side by the Rebuild Foundation and my friend Theaster Gates. I was joined for the day by our good friend Carol Coletta, who lives in Chicago and is president of ArtPlace.

Evanston, which is just north of Chicago, is a great example of creative placemaking at its best. What they’re doing is building a performing arts district in the city around a performing arts and community center. (By the way, it was about seven degrees and windy, and we took an outside tour—which reminded me why I love the Midwest and don’t want to live there.) We had a great turnout from the local people who are engaged in the arts there. I was happy to see Terry Scrogum, who is the Executive Director of the Illinois Arts Council, and who I’ve met several times before. Terry is a big supporter of the arts generally, and of creative placemaking in particular. I was also happy to meet Alderman Coleen Burrus; Dennis Marino, the city’s manager of planning and zoning; Carolyn Dellutri, who directs Downtown Evanston; Craig Sklenar, the city’s general planner; and Scarlett Swerdlow, who’s the advocacy and communications director for Arts Alliance Illinois. It was just a whole group of really engaged Evanstonians. It’s great to see what they are doing now, and what they have planned. It’s going to really ratchet up the vitality and vibrancy of downtown Evanston, and the arts are front and center to that effort. It’s just a great, great example of creative placemaking, where they’re really taking old buildings and instead of tearing them down they’re repurposing them for use by arts groups.

That afternoon we went out to the Dorchester neighborhood, which is on the south side of Chicago, somewhat near the University of Chicago. Greg Cameron from the Arts Alliance Illinois’ Board of Directors also joined us. We wanted to see the work that Theaster Gates* and his group, the Rebuild Foundation, are doing in that community. Theaster is an amazing dynamo. He is an engaged citizen, artist, entrepreneur, and holds a post at the University of Chicago as well. You know he’s six people in one!

Theaster wasn’t able to be with us, but fortunately he has some great people working with him, and we met Marlease Bushnell,  Mejay Gula, and Kate Hadley-Williams from the Rebuild Foundation there. We took a tour of the Black Cinema House, which is an old building that is being retrofitted into an arts cinema house to showcase African-American cinema. We were really able to get a sense of the whole neighborhood, there is new housing going up in the area, and just lots of revitalization. You know they’re just doing very, very exciting work there, and I can’t wait to back when it’s finished and to celebrate it. Derek Douglas also came over from the University of Chicago; he, of course, used to be at the White House as part of the Domestic Policy Council. He was Melody Barnes’ chief deputy, and one of the big reasons that the arts have been part of domestic policy in this administration. He came by for part of the tour, and it was great to see him in a completely different context and different environment. He’s really engaged in doing outreach with these Chicago neighborhoods on behalf of the University of Chicago.

I’ve been to Chicago for the NEA a few times now, and, to me, it is the birthplace of creative placemaking: what Mayor Richard M. Daley started in 1989 is the beginning of the work that Jason Schupbach (our director of Design) and all of us here at the NEA are engaged with. Mayor Daley took all of those literally falling down old vaudeville houses, rehabbed them at great expense and with great controversy and under a lot of criticism, and created a theater district in downtown Chicago starting in 1989 when he came in. That spearheaded the revitalization of downtown Chicago, and everything that has come since. Now there’s Millennium Park and all the arts festivals, and all that, in a way, started with Mayor Daley’s initial commitment to the arts in 1989. So Chicago is the creative placemaking Mecca. You know, I was saying to people in Evanston, you don’t have to go far to look at an example of what can happen to a neighborhood when the arts move in. Chicago’s where it started and where it continues to happen.

*Visit the Art Works blog in early February for our Art Talk interview with Theaster Gates.

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A Report from the Field: I AM PWD Convening

January 23, 2012

by Anita Hollander

Christine Bruno, Kathleen Martinez, Anita Hollander, and Nick Wyman at I AM PWD convening in January

Christine Bruno (2011 I AM PWD Co-Chair), Kathleen Martinez (Assistant Secretary of Labor, Office of Disability Employment Policy), Anita Hollander, and Nick Wyman (National President, Actor Equity Association). Photo by Stephanie Masucci

Anita Hollander here, East Coast National Chair of AFTRA & SAG Performers with Disabilities, reporting from New York CIty, Jan. 11, 2012, where the I AM PWD Campaign, a tri-union partnership to promote the inclusion of people with disabilities in the media, marked the end of its three-year campaign with a bi-coastal industry summit held in New York and Los Angeles simultaneously via the seamless technology of videoconference. I was proud to be one of the planners of this wonderfully successful event.

Disability IS Diversity: Reflecting the True American Scene, an event that included casting directors, filmmakers, and studio and union representatives at Baruch College in New York and at the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles, focused on ways to increase the visibility of both actors and characters with disabilities in popular entertainment, as well as the employment of broadcasters and journalists with disabilities.

I AM PWD (Inclusion in the Arts and Media of People With Disabilities) was formed by the Performers With Disabilities Tri-Union Committee of Actors’ Equity, AFTRA, and SAG in response to the lack of representation on television and film of people with disabilities.

Robert David Hall, who plays Dr. Albert Robbins on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, and Danny Woodburn, best known for playing Mickey Abbott on Seinfeld, hosted the event. Speakers at the event included 2011 campaign chairs Christine Bruno and Diana Elizabeth Jordan, and the national presidents of all three actors unions—Roberta Reardon (AFTRA), Nick Wyman (AEA), and Ken Howard (SAG). Keynote addresses were given by Breaking Bad’s RJ Mitte in LA and in NY by Kathleen Martinez, assistant secretary of labor at the U.S Department of Labor’s Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP). They all said some great stuff.

Martinez noted, “When I became the assistant secretary at ODEP, one of the most important things to me was to elevate the discussion about the people with disabilities both in front of and behind the camera…and that’s what I AM PWD has done.”

AFTRA President Reardon remarked, “Our tri-union I AM PWD disability rights campaign has become an international civil and human rights force for change. From Brussels to Cape Town, from Australia to the United States, people with disabilities worldwide share the same desire to work without bias, to earn a decent wage, to be contributing members of society, and to achieve their dreams.”

As the 2010 AFTRA chair of the campaign, I mentioned in my Watchdog Report of media activity, “Despite the progress we’ve made, our presence still does not reflect our 54 million Americans with disabilities. By representing them better, we are tapping into a powerful resource of new, fresh stories, as well as a vast source of purchasing power to better fund our industry.”

I also sang a parody of “Modern Major General” from Gilbert & Sullivan’s Pirates Of Penzance. Here’s a sample: “On network shows and cable shows we all have proven we can act/And then there’s that Reality TV where we did more than that/Just follow on the scorecard in your packet if you get perplexed/This is the very model of a modern major watchdog check.”

Speeches were followed by a lively and productive 90-minute session of round table discussions, guided by facilitators Lawrence Carter-Long in NY and Dr. Olivia Raynor in LA, plus excellent PWD (persons with disabilities) discussion leaders at each table, including my marvelous colleagues in New York, working actors with disabilities: Alexandria Wailes, Ali Stroker, Guthrie Nutter, Christopher Roberts, Steve Gladstone, Teale Sperling, Mary Theresa Archbold, Shannon Devido, and chairs Christine Bruno, and me.

Working groups included representatives from ABC, NBC, CBS, Warner Brothers, The Public Theatre, the ReelAbilities Film Festival, and many others. We asked three questions of each work group:

Have you ever worked with an artist with a disability? If so, tell us about it. If not, what may have stood in your way?

How did working with an artist with a disability (or not working with one) affect your work?

What would you be willing to do to improve the presence of performers and broadcasters in media and entertainment?

A lot came out of the responses to these questions. We had a Broadway leader at one table who has been trying to figure out how to get producers and directors to audition and hire more people with disabilities on Broadway. She had her own questions about what we have tried and what has worked in venues other than Broadway. All of the participants—including a network TV casting director, a theater producer, and a representative from Special Olympics—were fascinated by the ideas and experiences of the others, and we could see light bulbs going off every few minutes. At other tables, the conversation just kept going on and on, and I heard PWDs and network people who’d just met bidding each other farewell saying, “I’ll talk to you next week.” Knowing those PWDs, I am absolutely sure those phone calls will happen. Informal meetings were set up, cards were exchanged, and it seemed that our little pebble in a pond was rippling out well.

As Dr. Raynor, who directs the National Arts and Disabilities Center at UCLA, remarked, “The I AM PWD campaign leaves us with a roadmap for progress. It calls on writers to utilize characters with disabilities to add interesting dimensions to storylines, as well as creating more opportunities for actors with disabilities to audition and be cast. This is what the campaign was all about. And now is the time to make it happen.”

Now that the event is over and the three-year campaign is officially finished, we are involved in following up with our guests and some of the promises they made to take certain steps, sending out our Watchdog Scorecard and other reference materials that were at the event, and keeping our website running, including a video version of my Watchdog Report (premiering the first week of February on the website). The unions are beefing up the PWD element of their diversity committees, and there is an overall sense that performers with disabilities are more on the minds of people in all the various areas of our industry. We know there’s still so much more work to do, but if the two upcoming film festivals I’m speaking at are any indication, disability is not on the back burner of people’s minds anymore. And as Kathleen Martinez said, that’s what this campaign has accomplished!

 

 

 

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State of the Arts: Georgia edition

January 23, 2012

by Governor Nathan Deal of Georgia

Governor Nathan Deal of Georgia with his wfie Sandra and Karen Paty director of Georgia Council on the Arts

Georgia Governor Nathan Deal, First Lady Sandra Deal, and Georgia Council for the Arts Director Karen L. Paty at the Council’s strategic plan kick-off event in Atlanta. Photo courtesy of Georgia Council for the Arts

My wife Sandra and I were brought up influenced by music from both the church and in public schools. It is because of our parents that in our family every gathering was a musical event and home visits were a showcase of crafts. Through church and community activities, our children learned to perform in music, dance, and theater. Consequently, two of our daughters pursued an acting career: Mary Emily who has a master’s degree in performing arts from Catholic University, and Katie, who has traveled nationally performing in musical theater. We have been, and still remain, extremely supportive of their passion for the arts.

As you can see in our personal life, the arts and expressions of creativity have long been something valued and celebrated by our family; they run deep through our heritage. As governor, I know that the arts mean business for Georgia. With more than 12,000 businesses employing almost 200,000 people and generating almost $29 billion in revenue, the creative sector in Georgia is poised for significant growth in the coming years. According to a recent NEA research note, Arts and the GDP, Georgia is one of four states where additional spending on the performing arts will generate a significant number of jobs—more than 45 new jobs are created for every additional million dollars in performing arts production.

This kind of artistic and cultural enterprise facilitates Georgia’s competitiveness in a global market, attracting new commerce while retaining the type of talented individuals who contribute to building a distinctive state identity. In addition, we’ve seen time and again in both large urban centers like Atlanta and Savannah and small rural communities such as Colquitt, home to the internationally recognized folk life play Swamp Gravy, how the arts stimulate community growth and development, particularly when supporting tourism. Working together, the arts and tourism can highlight the unique character of a place and they can harness market forces to educate and entertain visitors, preserve cultural assets, and create community—providing fuel for the state’s economic engine. Read the rest of this entry »

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